Africa University Journal of Scientific Research
The Journal of Scientific Research is a biannual journal published by the Africa University for Humanities and Applied Sciences, Tripoli, Libya, in both Arabic and English. The hard copy is ISSN: 2707-9546, and the electronic copy is ISSN: 2707-9554. It is an international, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge through the publication of original research papers. The journal typically publishes two issues annually. Since its launch in 2016, the journal has provided a scholarly platform for publishing scientific research. The scope of the journal has expanded to include all humanities and applied sciences, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutical sciences, computer science, management sciences, and engineering sciences.
Africa University for Humanities and Applied Sciense
استطلاع رأي حول دور الاعلام في المصالحة الوطنية
This survey aimed to explore the role of the media in the issue of national reconciliation, with the purpose of monitoring the information and programs it has provided on this issue, as well as citizens’ impressions, awareness of reconciliation, the extent of their participation in it, and their levels of satisfaction with the role of the Libyan media in supporting the achievement of national reconciliation. The current study was designed to cover multiple segments of Libyan society through an electronic questionnaire consisting of (18) closed-ended questions, encompassing all the main and sub-objectives of the study and the related variables, in order to obtain more accurate responses from the sample units under study. A random sample was selected across virtual spaces from different groups, and the study population was divided into categories, with freedom to choose respondents provided that the limits of number and representation were respected. The study was conducted over a period of (40) days, from October 12 to November 20, 2024, on a sample of (1,200) respondents. These represented the accessible individuals who could be reached as representatives of the Libyan population, estimated at approximately (7) million according to the 2021 statistics. The sample covered age groups ranging from (18) to (73) years and above, in order to achieve the objectives of the survey in identifying Libyan citizens’ opinions on national reconciliation and the role of Libyan media toward it, as well as presenting proposals and solutions that contribute to improving media performance in the issue of national reconciliation
Marketing Innovation and Its Impact on Institutional Excellence (An Applied Study on Giga company) In Tripoli
institutional excellence in Applied Study on Giga company. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher chose four dimensions of marketing innovation; product innovation, pricing innovation, promotional innovation, and distribution innovation. Also, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach, with a study population sample consisted of all employees of Giga Company, numbered (100) workers random sample was selected, where (80) questionnaires were distributed, and the number of retrieved questionnaires reached (50) questionnaires. The researcher processed the collected data using the SPSS statistical program to obtain results and prove hypotheses The study reached several results, the most important of which are: The level of marketing innovation (product innovation, pricing innovation, pomotion innovation, and distribution innovation) in the company was high, and there was a positive impact between the areas of marketing innovation and achieving institutional excellence in Giga Company. The study concluded To several recommendations, the most important of which are: the company’s interest in equipping a trained and qualified technical support team and seeking to develop a system of material and moral incentives and encouraging the company’s employees to excel and be creative.
The Legal Status of Female Combatants under International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law
This research examines the legal status of female combatants under International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law, focusing on their special protection, contemporary challenges, and the role of international courts in prosecuting violations. The study highlights the importance of international legal instruments, including the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, and presents contemporary cases from the ICC to ensure effective protection of female combatants. The research also provides recommendations for enhancing both legal and practical safeguards.
تأثير التحولات السياسية على النسيج الاجتماعي في ليبيا (2011-2020)
بحثت هذه الدِّراسةُ في تأثير التَّحولات السِّياسيَّة على النَّسيج الاجتماعيِّ في ليبيا بعد انتفاضة 17 فبراير عام 2011م، والتي أدَّت إلى اسقاط نظام العقيد القذافي، فالمُتأمِّلُ في الحالة الليبيَّة يجدُ أنَّها جسَّدت بشكْلٍ واضحٍ حالةً من "الانقسام السِّياسيِّ"، فليبيا بعد القذافي أصبحت ساحةً لصراعٍ دوْلِيٍّ وداخلِيٍّ أثَّر على التَّركيبة الاجتماعيَّة الليبيَّة. وتمَّ التَّركيزُ في هذه الدِّراسة على التَّغيُّر الذي حدث في النَّسيج الاجتماعيِّ، والذي أدَّى بدوره إلى الصِّراع وعدم الاستقرار. ويُمْكنُ القولُ أنَّ تبعات الانقسام الدَّاخليِّ النَّاتجة عن التَّحوُّلات السِّياسيَّة كان العاملُ الرَّئيسُ في الشُّرُوخ الاجتماعيَّة وعدم الاستقرار والفَوْضَى ما بعد القذافي. ولتفسير الظَّاهرة محلَّ الدِّراسة فقد تمَّ استخدامُ المنهجية العلميَّة(المنهجُ الوَصْفِيُّ التَّحليليُّ والمدخلُ التَّاريخِيُّ وغيرُهُما).. وتهدفُ الدِّراسةُ إلى معرفة ماهيَّة "التَّحوُّلاتِ السِّياسيَّةِ"، وما مَدَى تأثيرها على المُعْطياتِ الدَّاخِلِيَّةِ والخَارِجِيَّةِ، وانعكاسها على النَّسِيجِ الاجْتماعيِّ الليبيِّ. ومنْ أهمِّ النتائج التي توصَّلت إليها الدِّراسةُ: أنَّ هُناك مُؤشِّراتٍ مُعيَّنةٍ بتوفُراها يتوافرُ الاستقرارُ الأمْنِيُّ والسِّياسيُّ والاجتماعيُّ ممَّا يُؤثِّرُ على الاستقرار والانسجام الاجتماعيِّ، وبالرغم من المراحل الانتقاليَّة التي مرَّت بها التَّحوُّلات السِّياسيَّة في ليبيا، والتي تمَّ فيها إجراءُ انتخاباتٍ برلمانيَّةٍ، وبناءُ مُؤسَّسةٍ تشريعيَّةٍ، وحُكُوماتٌ مُتعاقبةٌ، إلاَّ أنَّها فشلت في إجراء انتخاباتٍ رئاسيَّةٍ وبرلمانيَّةٍ لاحقاً، وأخفقت في تحقيق "المُصالحة الوطنيَّة"، أيْ أنَّ هذه المُؤشِّرات لم تتوافر، ممَّا أدَّى إلى الانقسام السِّياسيِّ وعدم الاستقرار والفوضى، ممَّا أثَّر بِدَوْرِهِ على النَّسِيجِ الاجْتِمَاعِيِّ فِي البِلاَدِ.
Big Data Technology and Its Impact on Computerized Accounting Information Systems
This study aims to clarify the main problems that face companies when applying traditional computerized accounting information systems, and to demonstrate how big data technology can be used to process accounting data as an alternative to these traditional systems. It also seeks to identify the benefits that the application of big data technology can bring it to Sudanese companies. To achieve these objectives, the researchers designed a questionnaire directed at a sample of employees and managers working in several companies in Port Sudan State. The questionnaire was distributed to a total sample of 70 individuals. After conducting the field study, the researchers confirmed the study’s hypothesis and reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: Slow processing of accounting data is a key problem in traditional computerized accounting information systems, along with their inability to handle large volumes of data, which can negatively affect operating systems. These systems also suffer from weak confidentiality and privacy controls. Big data technology, on the other hand, provides credible and transparent accounting information and reports at the right time for decision-makers. This benefit is particularly needed by Sudanese companies due to the unstable economic environment. Big data technology also helps provide new services to customers, improve operational efficiencies, and generate more revenue, in addition to supporting companies in achieving their financial strategies. As a modern digital system for handling data and information, big data technology outperforms traditional systems in all features they offer—and even in additional features not available in those systems. Moreover, big data technology can handle both structured and unstructured data, enabling it to provide a comprehensive database. The researchers recommend a gradual transition toward applying big data technology to replace the currently used traditional computerized accounting systems in Sudanese companies. They also emphasize that, to fully benefit from its advantages and avoid implementation errors, companies should develop specific guidelines and instructions for its application, conduct continuous training for employees, and ensure ongoing development of systems according to evolving needs.
Computerized Accounting Information Systems
سقوطُ الأندلس: تحليل شامل وعميق للأسباب والعوامل
The civilization of Al-Andalus has long been, and continues to be, a subject of ongoing research and debate among scholars — whether concerning its origins or the factors behind its decline and collapse. Most researchers and academics agree on several key causes that led to the disappearance of the Arab civilization in the Iberian Peninsula. Often, we find that most studies focus on these major factors, analyzing them deeply through political, social, economic, and cultural dimensions. In my view, within all these factors lie subtle indications of deeper dimensions that allow us to look beyond the mere causes of decline, toward forming a new perspective about it. Perhaps the most important of these is that Al-Andalus, from the very beginning, was essentially a colony that possessed the elements necessary for survival and continuity for eight centuries — during which it succeeded in establishing a flourishing civilization later recognized by humanity for its uniqueness and brilliance. Moreover, it played a crucial role in igniting the light of civilization in medieval Europe. However, this civilization eventually faded away in accordance with the divine laws governing the rise and fall of civilizations — an inevitable and natural end for any civilizational entity.
دور تكنولوجيا الإعلام والإتصال في تطوير التعليم في ليبيا
The remarkable development in the means of information and communication technology has affected the areas of social, institutional and educational life in particular. Education in the era of technology has become a more vital commodity and a driving force for the success of any social change. Hence, the connection of technology with education has led to the emergence of modern concepts and terminology in the educational system, and accordingly The purpose of this study is to determine the role of information and communication technology in development education in Libya.
information and communication technology
دور الإعلام التفاعلي في تشكيل الوعي السياسي لدى الشباب الليبي في ظل منصات التواصل الاجتماعي
This study seeks to investigate how interactive media shapes political awareness among Libyan youth in the context of social media platforms. Focusing on active youth aged 18–35, a stratified random sample was selected to ensure diverse geographic, social, and behavioral representation. According to the results, 78% of respondents said their organizations handle official paperwork and transactions using an electronic system. 65% said archiving is organized, and 70% said document entry is simple. According to 72% of respondents, the technology enables quick search and retrieval. Only 60% were properly trained. 66% of respondents confirmed clear access rights, while 68% said information protection and security are available. According to 62% of respondents, the system is updated frequently. 75% of respondents said technology has helped reduce reliance on paper, while 64% mentioned integration with other systems. Seventy-two percent of young people reported that platforms help them understand local political issues. Seventy-seven percent said that platforms help them learn about international and regional issues. Sixty-eight percent said that digital interactions help shape their political positions. Sixty-five percent said that friends and influencers have an influence. Seventy-four percent said that discussions encourage them to seek out more resources. Sixty-nine percent said that platforms encourage them to participate in civic life. Seventy-one percent said that news influences their opinions on government policies. Sixty-seven percent said that news influences their opinions. Sixty-six percent said that platforms help them connect local and global issues. Seventy percent said that platforms help them understand local political issues. The study presented a set of recommendations to increase political awareness based on these findings. These recommendations included using clear language to simplify political content, investing in visual media such as animation and short videos, providing graded explanations of political topics, evaluating political events objectively, providing materials appropriate for all ages and social groups, connecting politics to the daily lives of young people, engaging the public in discussion through polls and open-ended questions, providing a variety of educational resources, raising awareness of politically relevant social issues, and working with experts and influencers to promote political culture and civic engagement.
مبـدأ سمـو المعاهدات الدوليـة على القانــون الوطنـــي بين النظرية والمواءمة
يعد مبدأ سمو المعاهدات الدولية على القانون الداخلي من المبادئ الاساسية المستقرة في القانون الدولي، ويستند الى قاعدة مستقرة مفادها أن المعاهدة المصادق عليها تعد ملزمة وواجبة التطبيق داخل الدولة، ويُستمد هذا المبدأ من المادة (26) من اتفاقية فيينا لقانون المعاهدات لعام1969م، التي كرٌست قاعدة "العقود يجب ان تحترم pacta sunt servanda" بإعتبارها قاعدة آمرة في العلاقات الدولية. اهداف البحث: يهدف هذا البحث الى دراسة الأساس القانوني للمبدأ، على المستويين الدولي والمحلي، واستجلاء التحديات القانونية التي تطرحها محاولات التوفيق بين أحكام الاتفاقيات الدولية والقوانين الداخلية. أهمية الموضوع: تنبع أهمية هذا البحث من الواقع العملي، حيث تواجه العديد من الدول صعوبات في التوفيق بين التزاماتها الدولية ومقتضيات سيادتها التشريعية من ناحية، وبين التزاماتها الدولية وتشريعاتها الوطنية من ناحية اخرى. إشكالية البحث: اما عن الإشكالية فتتمثل في السؤال التالي: ما مدى سمو المعاهدات الدولية على القانون الوطني، والأساس القانوني لذلك؟ وكيف تتوافق قواعد هذا المبدأ مع مقتضيات السيادة الوطنية والدستور الوطني؟ منهج البحث: يعتمد هذا البحث على المنهج التحليلي المقارن، باعتباره الاقدر على تناول مبدأ سمو المعاهدات من جميع جوانبه القانونية والتطبيقية العملية. فمن جهة، يتم تحليل الإطار القانوني لهذا المبدأ على المستوى الدولي والوطني، ومن جهة أخرى، يقارن البحث بين المواقف التشريعية والقضائية في عدد من الأنظمة القانونية، بهدف ابراز أوجه التباين والائتلاف في تبني هذا المبدأ وتطبيقه. كما يستعين بالمنهج الوصفي في عرض وتحليل المواد القانونية ذات الصلة، وبالمنهج التطبيقي من خلال دراسة نماذج من الاجتهاد القضائي الوطني والدولي التي تجسد التعارض بين المعاهدات الدولية والقوانين الوطنية.
الدعم الأكاديمي ودوره في استقطاب ذوي الإعاقة للتعليم العالي
The current study aimed to identify the role of academic support in attracting students with disabilities from the perspective of faculty members in technical and vocational higher education institutions in the Wadi Al-Shatii region. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach and questionnaire tool to collect data on the study topic, where (90) questionnaires were distributed, of which (87) were analyzed using the SPSS program. The study concluded that there is no role for academic support in attracting people with disabilities, in addition to a lack of resources in these institutions to support this group academically. The study recommended the necessity of providing financial and technical support to these institutions in order to
Technical and vocational higher education institutions
الجودة في مؤسسات التعليم العالي بين تحديات وتهديدات الواقع والتطلعات المستقبلية للتغلب عليها
This research focused on the quality of higher education institutions, in Libya in general and at Gharyan University in particular, to reveal the challenges and threats that hinder the implementation of total quality management in some university colleges. The colleges (Faculties of Arts Gharyan, Education Gharyan, and Health Sciences Gharyan) were chosen as the applied field for the study, as they are the colleges in which the researcher worked. The research problem was summarized in the following question: What is the nature of the challenges that hinder the application of total quality management at Gharyan University? The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach, which is based on collecting a quantity of important facts related to the topic and subjecting them to analysis. He also relied on analyzing the information, reports, and experiences of quality assurance and performance evaluation offices in colleges (while alive) available to the researcher. The research community has been formed of a group of deans, vice deans for academic affairs, directors of quality assurance and performance evaluation offices, and heads of academic departments in the three colleges under study, totalling 34 individuals, to know and study their points of view and their aspirations for the future of their colleges through the application of ٨the comprehensive quality tool, due to their experience in the administrative and academic field. The researcher also used the questionnaire tool to collect the required data. The research results concluded that the application of total quality management in higher education institutions has become an option that cannot be taken or abandoned; rather, it has become an urgent necessity and a means for survival and competition, especially in light of the successive variables and political, economic, social and cultural developments. The research also recommends the necessity of working to provide a set of elements starting with convincing administrative leaders and implementing workers of the necessity of adopting and applying total quality management in all operations and working to train and test them according to correct scientific foundations and standards
تأثير نسبة الماء للإسمنت على سلوك الاضافات الكيميائية
In hot regions in general, and Libya in particular, interaction with the surrounding environmental factors has a significant impact—either positive or negative—on the properties of concrete mixtures. Chemical admixtures play an important role in controlling these properties, such as compressive strength and long-term durability. This interaction includes transportation, casting, and curing, alongside the correct and optimal use of chemical admixtures. Achieving the desired concrete performance requires a precise understanding of these processes. Chemical admixtures come in various types and interact physically and chemically with cement at early stages, which may affect their performance either positively or negatively. Therefore, it is essential to study the compatibility of these admixtures with the type of cement used, in addition to considering the surrounding environmental factors and determining the optimum dosages to avoid any adverse effects on concrete properties—particularly compressive strength, workability, and setting time. This study investigates, both theoretically and experimentally, the effects of different water-to-cement ratios and the timing of superplasticizer addition when using chemical admixtures classified according to ASTM C494 standards, including: ◼Type A ◼Type F ◼ Type G, The focus was on three key concrete properties: workability, which reflects the characteristics of fresh concrete; compressive strength, which indicates the properties of hardened concrete; and setting time, which marks the transition from fresh to hardened state. The findings revealed that both the water-to-cement ratio and the timing of admixture addition significantly influence admixture behavior, with noticeable differences between normal and high-range water reducers. The study emphasizes the need for laboratory testing to determine the optimal dosage that ensures compatibility between the selected admixture and the type of cement used.
معوقات تطبيق السياسات الليبية في إدارة الهجرة غير النظامية وآليات تجاوزها (2003-2024م)
The study aimed to identify the most prominent obstacles that prevented the implementation of preventive policies adopted by the Libyan authorities to reduce the effects of irregular migration to Libya, after identifying the causes and factors encouraging irregular migration. As well as identifying the local, regional and international legislation enacted by Libya to contain this phenomenon. The study was based on the hypothesis that: (The weakness of security coordination and the Libyan-Libyan political division have hindered the implementation of Libyan policies to combat irregular migration). The researcher used several methods and approaches to analyze the study, the most prominent of which are the descriptive approach, the analytical approach, the legal approach, and the historical approach. The study reached several conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is that despite the existence of clear legislation such as Law No. 19 of 2010, Law No. 24 of 2023, the Marrakesh Charter of 2018, and other legislation regulating the fight against irregular migration, the Libyan-Libyan political division and weak security coordination at the local and regional levels have prevented the efficient implementation of these policies, allowing the phenomenon to worsen on a large scale. The study's most prominent recommendations included the need to develop a successful strategy to combat irregular migration under the auspices of the United Nations. Such a strategy should be comprehensive and multidimensional, encompassing: enhancing political stability in Libya, developing the technical and security capabilities of Libya and neighboring countries, and encouraging economic and social development in migrant-exporting countries.
الدور الوسيط للبيئة الداخلية في العلاقة بين إدارة المعرفة والأداء المؤسسي
The study dealt with the mediating role of the internal environment in the relationship between knowledge management and institutional performance by applying it to the Nile Bank in Khartoum State .The problem of the study was represented in the following main question: Is there a relationship between knowledge management and institutional performance by mediating the internal environment of the institution? The study aimed to identify the relationship between knowledge management and institutional performance, test the relationship between knowledge management and the internal environment, demonstrate the relationship between the internal environment and institutional performance, and find out the extent to which the internal environment mediating the relationship between knowledge management and institutional performance. The study hypothesized that there is a statistically significant relationship between knowledge management and institutional performance, and that there is a statistically significant relationship between knowledge management and the internal environment, and that there is a statistically significant relationship between the internal environment and institutional performance, and that the internal environment mediating the relationship between knowledge management and institutional performance. The study relied on the analytical descriptive approach in conducting the research, as well as on the SPSS statistical program in analyzing the study data and testing its hypotheses. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: The bank management provides employees with sources of information that help them acquire knowledge, and it also uses various methods to convert information into knowledge and distribute it to employees. The bank management has knowledge of the skills and knowledge necessary to perform their tasks in the best way. It is clear about knowledge management strategies and relies on the knowledge management approach in making strategic decisions. The study concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The management of the bank should provide paper and electronic means and means that work to provide employees with the knowledge that helps them improve their performance, the need to refine the skills and knowledge that employees possess by providing training, educational and educational courses that work to improve the performance of their tasks in the best way, necessity Uploading the Bank's vision, mission and objectives to employees by introducing knowledge strategies that rely on knowledge management in making investment decisions.
شعر هُدبة بن الخشرم العذري في ميزان النقد القديم (ت نحو 57ه)
Theoretical Approaches in Literary Criticism and Their Issues in the Poetry of Hudbah ibn al-Khushram al-Udhri (d. circa 57 AH) This study aims to examine the literary critical movement surrounding the poetry of Hudbah ibn al-Khushram al-Udhri and the key issues actively present within it, such as poetic traditionalism, natural talent versus affectation, and poetic creativity, among others. These themes have played a fundamental role in shaping the architectural structure of his poetic discourse. The research seeks to analyze their manifestations within the poetic compositional framework through an interpretative approach.
خُطُورةُ الإرهاب الدَّوليِّ على الأمن القوميِّ للدُّول
تتناولُ هذه الدِّراسة موضُوعَ "خُطُورة الإرهاب الدَّوليِّ على الأمن القوميِّ للدُّول"، وذلك من خلال التركيز على دراسة حالة تعامل الإدارة الأمريكية مع ظاهرة الإرهاب بعد أحداث الحادي عشر من سبتمبر عام 2001م، وحتى عام 2014م، تتلخَّصُ مُشكلة الدراسة في الإجابة على التساؤل الرئيسي التالي: كيف يهتمُّ المُجْتمعُ الدَّوليُّ بظاهرة الإرهاب الدولي كونها تُشكِّلُ خطراً على الأمن القوميِّ للدُّول؟، وعلى ضوء هذا التساؤل الرئيسي سوف تُحاولُ الدِّراسةُ الإجابة على التساؤلات الفرعيَّة التالية: ماذا يقصد بالإرهاب في المجتمع الدولي؟. كيف يمكن للمجتمع الدولي التصدي لمخاطر الإرهاب الدولي؟ وحماية الأمن القومي للدول؟. كيف تعاملت الإدارة الأمريكية مع ظاهرة الإرهاب الدولي بعد أحداث (11 سبتمبر 2001م). * ومن خلال استخدام: المنهج الوصفي ومنهج دراسة الحالة والمدخل التاريخي توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، منها: إن الأمن القومي "بأبعاده المُختلفة مُهمٌّ في حماية الفرد والمُجتمع من الأفكار المُتطرِّفة والمُنحرفة، وهُو أحدُ الركائز المُهمَّة في حماية الدَّولة، إنَّ أيَّ استراتيجية ناجحة لمُكافحة الإرهاب الدولي ومُمارسة العُنف ينبغي أنْ تنبني على فهم دقیق للأسباب التي تدفعُ الأفراد والجماعات إلى انتهاج هذا الطريق، والعوامل المُؤثرة عليه، وبناءً على ذلك، لا بُدَّ منْ اعتماد المُعالجات والحُلُول الأمنيَّة و وضع استراتيجيات المُعالجة الفكريَّة والسِّياسيَّة في إطلاق الحُرِّيَّات وإدماج جميع فئات المُجتمع في العملية السِّياسيَّة، بالإضافة إلى مُعالجة الأسباب الاقتصادية والاجتماعية التي تُمثل الروافد المُغذية للإرهاب. ومن خلال دراسة السلوك الأمريكي بعد أحداث 11/9/2001م نلاحظ أن الإدارة الأمريكية استحدثت وزارة للأمن الوطني، وتم تعديل قانون مكافحة الإرهاب ليتم بمقتضاه التعجيل بمعاقبة مرتكبي الجرائم الإرهابية، كما رفعت أمريكا شعار الحرب على الإرهاب لشن الحرب على أفغانستان 2001م، والعراق 2003م، وتبنت استراتيجية الحرب الاستباقية، ثم بعض ظهور تنظيم داعش بدأت في مواجهته في العراق وسوريا وليبيا، وشنت عمليات عسكرية واسعة وضيقة في هذا الإطار.
الجانب الحرفي للفيلم السينمائي الروائي وآليات الإنتاج
معرفة خطوات وآلية انتاج فيلم سينمائي درامي، تصنع قاعدة أساسية لنجاح عملية الإنتاج فليس من السهولة انتاج فيلم درامي بدون معرفة واعداد مسبق، للوصول لصناعة سينمائية حقيقة ومؤثرة، والقائم بالإنتاج يجب ان يتمكن من هذه المعرفة. لا يمكننا انكار تأثير الدراما والسينما في حياتنا، وقيام صناعة سينمائية محلية، يعزز من هوية وقومية مجتمعنا، فهمنا للعمل السينمائي، يسهل انشاءه فالعمل السينمائي عمل تقني وفني، يحتاج للتنظيم والدقة في العمل ولأنه مكلف فكل ثانية لها أهميتها، والاعداد الجيد يعني كلفة اقل ومشاكل قليلة وعمل جيد وايرادات ممتازة. العمل الجماعي حرفي وصناعي، وهذا مبدأ مهم جدا لنجاح وتأسيس صناعة سينمائية، ولدخول مجال صناعة السينما يجب معرفة خصائصها، لتجنب أي خسارة، ولضمان النجاح. ختاماً، يمكن القول ان السينما تمثل أكثر من مجرد وسيلة ترفهيه، فهي لغة فتية وابداعية تعكس ثقافة المجتمع وتصنعها وتعزز تميزه وهويته، ومن خلال فهمنا للآليات الإنتاجية، نكتشف مدى التعقيد والدقة المطلوبة لصناعة فيلم سينمائي ناجح، وأنها صناعة تتطلب التخطيط والتنسيق والعمل الجماعي المتكامل. ان تطوير صناعة السينما في ليبيا يشكل خطوة أساسية نحو يناء صناعة ثقافية وطنية تعكس هوية مجتمعنا العربية والإسلامية، ولتحقيق ذلك يجب التأسيس لصناعة سينمائية بكوادر مدربة، وفتح الفرص امام القطاع المحلي لإنتاج صناعة سينمائية، تشكل رافدا للتنمية الثقافية والاقتصادية.
The term elite was used in social and political studies in the 1930s, and Vilfredo Pareto described it as (a group of people - a class - that possesses certain abilities that distinguish it from other people in a field of human activity). The phenomenon of elite is one of the most important topics that political science students are interested in, and by studying it we learn about the role of elites and their connection to political and social phenomena because elites in society are the ones who take decisions that influence the policy of that society and have power and influence that exceeds the scope of any other group in society as a whole.
الحدود البحرية الليبية وأثرها على الأمن القومي الليبي
This study examines Libya’s maritime borders and their impact on achieving Libyan national security in the current and future context. It explores the significance of maritime boundaries, the concept of national security, and Libya’s strategic location along the Mediterranean Sea. The study considers gains from the extensive coastline that borders both Europe and the vast African desert. Furthermore, it delves into defining maritime zones based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) and the Libyan-Turkish memorandum of understanding. The study addresses challenges and threats to security, explores methods to secure these borders, and analyzes their implications for Libya’s stability. Notably, the research highlights the importance of these maritime boundaries and their role in achieving Libyan national security, emphasizing their status as the longest maritime borders in the Mediterranean basin.
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)
مطبوعات العلاقات العامة وانعكاساتها في التعريف بهوية المؤسسة وخدماتها
This study aimed to identify the role of public relations publications in government institutions at the Universities of Benghazi and Ajdabiya, as this study is a quantitative study based on survey studies as one of the most important branches of the descriptive approach. The researcher used (the survey practice method) where the study community consists of all permanent faculty members cooperating in the Department of Public Relations and Advertising - Faculty of Media at the Universities of Benghazi and Ajdabiya, with a total number of (63) faculty members. The study used the questionnaire form as a tool for collecting data. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are: The results proved that public relations publications contribute to increasing the public's knowledge of the organization and the services it provides to its audiences, and even contribute to highlighting the role of the organization in terms of social and community responsibility and improving the quality of professional performance of public relations professionals within these institutions.
Artificial intelligence has come to play an important role in society, as it has been used in various fields such as medical, legal, military, educational, and many other fields... The justice system is not far from these changes, as artificial intelligence is affecting legal practices and services. Artificial intelligence has played an important role in facilitating the course of justice, achieving transparency, and reducing time in cases, predicting some judicial rulings, analyzing data, and conducting research at maximum speed, and this will guide jurists and enable them to develop accurate and comprehensive strategies. But on the other hand, there are concerns about the nature of the use of artificial intelligence in the justice system, including violations of human rights and personal freedoms, such as the right to privacy, data protection, and bias... The researcher raised the problem of the effects of the use of artificial intelligence in the justice system and the challenges it poses. The researcher raised the problem of the effects of the use of artificial intelligence in the justice system and the challenges it poses. To answer this problem, the researcher adopted the following scheme: The first section: The role of artificial intelligence in supporting the justice system. The second section: The challenges raised by the application of artificial intelligence in the justice system.
دراسة نوعية المياه الجوفية حول مكب صلاح الدين (طرابلس- ليبيا)
يتضمن هذا البحث دراسة نوعية المياه الجوفية لبعض أبار المياه الجوفية المحصورة حول مكب صلاح الدين لمنطقة صلاح الدين وهي أحد المناطق في العاصمة الليبية طرابلس وأكثرها من حيث كثافة السكان وتعتبر المياه الجوفية هي المصدر الرئيسي للمياه في هذه المنطقة والتي يعتمد عليها في تلبية جميع احتياجات السكان من شرب، زراعة، صناعة بالإضافة إلى الاستخدامات الأخرى .حيث يوجد بها العديد من الآبار الضحلة والتي يتراوح عمقها من (30إلى 50م) ، في هذه الدراسة تم اختيار عدد 6 أبار ضحلة ، منتشرة حول المكب لغرض تصنيف نوعية المياه وتقييم استخدامها للأغراض المختلفة. تم تحليل العناصر الرئيسية وبعض العناصر الثقيلة (Ni,Cu, Mn) ،وأيضا التحليل الجرثومي، وتم مقارنة نتائج التحاليل الكيمائية للآبار الموجودة في منطقة الدراسة مع التصنيف المعتمد لمنظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO2018)، وأيضا معايير الاتحاد الأوروبي (EU2019)،و معايير المركز الوطني الليبي لمياه الشرب ( ليبيا 2008)، وبين إن المياه الموجودة في منطقة الدراسة غير صالحة لشرب حيث أنها لا تتوافق مع المواصفات والمعايير القياسية العالمية والمحلية لمياه الشرب، وبالنسبة إلي العناصر الثقيلة تبين لنا زيادة في في نسبة عنصر النيكل (Ni) و أبضا وضحت نتائج التحليل الجرثومي احتواء العينات المدروسة علي أعداد مختلفة من البكتيريا وتجاوزت الحدود المسموح بها من 50-100 مستعمرة/مليلتر من قبل المواصفات القياسية الليبية لمياه الشرب ومنظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO2007) وأيضا تم تقيم مدي صلاحية المياه الجوفية لأغراض الري والزراعة باستخدام كل من تصنيف ويلكس ( ( Wilcox وتصنيف ريتشارد Richard))، وقد تبين آن معظم مياه الآبار تكون غير مناسبة للاستخدام الزراعي عدا الآبار (4-5) وقعت في صف المشكوك فيها إلي غير مناسبة للاستخدام الزراعي حسب تصنيف ويلكس، إما تصنيف ريتشارد قد بين أن معظم الآبار من النوع الضعيفة والضعيفة جدا للاستخدام الزراعي عدا البئر (5) وقع في الصف المشكوك فيه للاستخدام الزراعي .
اختيار المادة الرابطة الاسفلتية المناسبة بالاعتماد على الظروف المحلية الليبي
The specifications of the asphalt binder in Libya are based on the penetration grading system, which relies on Imperial tests. The asphalt cement with a grade of (60/70) is the asphalt binder used in the implementation of asphalt paving in Libya. The performance of asphalt paving in the coastal northern regions differs from its performance in the central and southern regions of Libya; the paving performance in the coastal areas was generally good, while it was not acceptable in the desert areas, where early damages appeared on most desert roads due to the rapid aging of the asphalt binder and the significant temperature variations of the pavement throughout the day and across the seasons. This research aims to select the appropriate asphalt binder for the State of Libya based on local conditions and according to performance grade. To achieve the research objectives, a scientific methodology was adopted, which involves collecting air temperature data from meteorological stations and determining their locations, and using models from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) to calculate pavement temperature. This study shows that the suitable asphalt binder for desert roads is Performance Grade (PG76-10), while the grade (PG70-10) is suitable for coastal areas.
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Mathematical Foundations of Machine Learning
This paper discusses the interdisciplinary research that contributes significantly to theoretical advancements and practical applications in machine learning. It focuses on the mathematical foundations of machine learning, specifically optimization algorithms and data privacy. The research aims to address the challenges of optimizing machine learning models and ensuring data privacy, particularly in the growing complexity of models. The authors develop novel optimization techniques, such as Accelerated Stochastic Gradient Descent (ASGD) and Robust Adaptive Gradient (RAG), and provide rigorous proofs for their convergence and robustness. They also investigate differential privacy mechanisms, such as Laplace and Gaussian mechanisms, and integrate them into machine learning algorithms like Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD). The research shows improved convergence rates and robustness compared to traditional techniques, and the differential privacy mechanisms offer strong privacy guarantees while maintaining model utility. These contributions are crucial for the deployment of secure and efficient machine learning systems across various industries, including healthcare, finance, and social media.
Challenges and Solutions in Managing Water Breakthrough in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
The use of electric submersible pumps (ESPs) in heterogeneous reservoirs presents unique operational challenges, particularly when dealing with water breakthroughs, a common problem exacerbated by geological features such as faults and fractures. In such environments, water intrusion can significantly impact the efficiency of artificial production systems, resulting in reduced oil production and increased operating costs. Inflow control valves (ICVs) were used as a mitigation strategy to regulate fluid entry and minimize water inflow. However, their effectiveness is often compromised in complex reservoir conditions, necessitating a more in-depth study of optimization methods. This paper focuses on the challenges of managing water breakthroughs in wells equipped with ESP systems. It examines the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on water breakthrough, the resulting impact on ESP performance, and the limitations of using ICVs as a control mechanism in such scenarios. A detailed analysis shows how fractures and fault lines contribute to uneven water distribution, accelerate the formation of water ridges, and reduce the efficiency of ESPs. Additionally, the paper provides insights into the operational difficulties encountered in ESP implementation in these complex environments and discusses strategies to improve water management. Key recommendations include improvements in well design, real-time monitoring and adaptive control systems to optimize ESP performance and extend well life. Advanced techniques for predicting water breakthrough patterns and implementing proactive measures to mitigate impacts are also proposed, providing a more comprehensive approach to managing water production in heterogeneous reservoirs.
The adoption of innovative teaching methods and the flipped classroom in the Algerian university context
Unlike the traditional method, active learning encourages student involvement, prompting teachers to rethink their methods and roles. Based on a dynamic approach, this innovative pedagogy favours group work and individual approaches, emphasising interaction and active support from the teacher. The aim of this study is to ascertain how innovative teaching methods are being deployed in the Algerian university system and the training systems proposed to encourage student involvement. In this context, our contribution examines the impact of innovative teaching methods such as the flipped classroom, teamwork and problem-based learning.
The Role of Simulation and Gamification in Teaching Medical Terminology at Private Universities
This paper investigates the role of simulation and gamification in teaching medical terminology at private universities. Traditional teaching methods often do not keep students engaged or help them remember complex medical terms for long. By using simulation and gamification, lecturers can create interactive and engaging learning experiences that improve students' understanding of medical vocabulary. The study examined how virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and educational games were used in medical terminology courses and compared the results to traditional methods. Data from surveys, quizzes, and student feedback showed that students using these new methods had better retention of knowledge, practical skills, and satisfaction. The findings suggested that private universities can enhance medical education by adopting simulation and gamification, which will better prepare students for their future careers in healthcare
Using Educational Platforms in Teaching and Learning Languages
Nowadays, information and communication technology (ICT) or new ICT has undergone enormous development such that all sectors use computers to transmit information and communication. This development in digital power has not stopped influencing the education sector, especially the language sector. Most specialists in this field now realize that introducing this type of technology into education is inevitable. Moreover, this development poses many challenges for them, the most important being the necessity of providing basic tools for language teachers, such as computers and the internet. This means learning the language with the help of modern technology, which encompasses all uses of technology for teaching and learning languages. The results of nearly 40 years indicate that computers, tablets, and smartphones can be effective tools that enable learners to work independently, receive individual feedback, and benefit from language as it is used in the real world by employing different skills. Technology can also be used as a complement to enhance language teaching in classrooms and as a unique means of teaching and learning languages. Through websites and applications that can be easily downloaded, learners can learn the language they want at no cost and without the need to register in institutes that teach languages. Learners can also participate in language learning courses on the internet by applying to them and chatting with other people who have registered in these courses from all over the world. Information and communication technology, or new information and communication technology, helps teachers and learners access modern and authentic materials in the target language, as well as the possibility of chatting with native speakers, which provides learners with valuable communication experience. We will focus, in this study, on the central resource in our research, which is the educational platform (Moodle). In recent years, several electronic educational platforms have been created that highlight different functions such as the newspaper, forum, or learning community, among others. Through this research, we aim to highlight the role of digital educational platforms in the field of teaching and learning languages remotely, especially after the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has become clear to us through this study that the Moodle platform has had a clear and positive impact on supporting language education.
Libyan teachers’ perspectives on employing digital boards for active learning to improve primary school pupils’ vocabulary acquisition
This study employed an online survey using quantitative research method to gain insights into teachers' perspectives on employing digital boards in teaching vocabulary for primary pupils. The data collection tool was the survey, consisting of 20 items measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The survey was distributed to 45 primary school teachers from international and private schools in Tripoli, Libya, during the academic Year 2023-2024. Upon analyzing the responses, the results revealed that Libyan primary school teachers generally hold positive attitudes towards using digital boards to enhance vocabulary acquisition. Furthermore, the study found no significant statistical difference in attitudes based on gender, age, and years of experience. The results indicated that digital boards are more effective for teaching English, particularly in delivering vocabulary, than traditional methods. Finally, the findings suggested that the teachers' consistent use of digital boards may increase student responsiveness and engagement. To end, Libyan primary school teachers in international and private classrooms were too enthusiastic about using digital boards in vocabulary lessons and even expressed a willingness to provide extra classes with their assistance.
Investigating The Role of ChatGPT in Enhancing Academic Research: A Study of the impact of ChatGPT to improve the academic research
As a result of the massive development in natural language processing (NLP), Artificial Intelligent (AI) tools and applications have become a very interesting topic. This paper aims to investigate the role of AI applications in enhancing academic research efficiently. Precisely, the primary goal of this study is to explore how AI applications like ChatGPT could be integrated within the academic research process. Furthermore, it seeks to demonstrate how AI can be integrated into the academic research, such as generating research topics, conducting a good literature review, and improving the quality of the academic writing. Furthermore, the study analyzes the role of AI applications in fostering critical thinking, creativity, and research productivity. A sample of 57 students from the school of Applied science and engineering at the Libyan Academy, Zintan, was selected for the survey. The survey's primary objective was to examine the positive impact of AI applications on academic research. A qualitative approach was adopted, including a survey of researchers’ feedback on how AI tools influence the quality of their research. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Minitab software were used to analyze the collected data, and to draw conclusions. The results showed that AI applications, such as ChatGPT, have been widely used across various research domains by graduate students. Furthermore, the findings revealed that AI has significantly increased research productivity, improved writing skills, and saved time and effort throughout the research process.
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